• Offer bladder training lasting for a minimum of 6 weeks as first-line treatment to women with urgency or mixed urinary incontinence.
• If women do not achieve satisfactory benefit from bladder training programmes, the combination of an overactive bladder medicine with bladder training should be considered if frequency is a troublesome symptom.
• Offer a face-to-face or telephone review 4 weeks after starting a new medicine for overactive bladder

If the placenta is thought to be low lying (less than 20 mm from the internal os) or praevia
(covering the os) at the routine fetal anomaly scan, a follow-up ultrasound examination
including a TVS is recommended at 32 weeks of gestation to diagnose persistent low-lying
placenta and/or placenta praevia.

Use of TVS- to accurately see the placental edge. Also, cervical length is a predictor of antepartum bleeding and emergency preterm caesarean section in placenta praevia. Women with a cervical length of less than 31 mm have a 16 times higher risk of emergency
caesarean section due to massive haemorrhage.

NSAIDs can lead to neonatal pulmonary hypertension and premature closure of the ductus arteriosus.

NSAIDs also reduce fetal renal blood flow and thus urine production leading to a reduced amniotic fluid volume.

The use of NSAIDs should, therefore, be avoided at more than 30 weeks of gestation.

Regional techniques should be avoided if possible until at least 12 hours after the previous prophylactic dose of LMWH.

Women receiving antenatal LMWH having an elective caesarean section should receive a thromboprophylactic dose of LMWH on the day prior to delivery and, on the day of delivery, any morning dose should be omitted and the operation performed that morning.

In women with suspected PE without symptoms and signs of DVT, a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) lung scan or a computerised tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) should be performed.
When the chest X-ray is abnormal and there is a clinical suspicion of PE, CTPA should be performed in preference to a V/Q scan.